Background: Estimating pain in patients of intensive care unit (ICU) is essential, but because of their special situation, verbal scales cannot be used. Therefore, to estimate the level of pain, behavioral pain scale was developed by Payen in 2001.Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of behavioral pain scale in patients with low level of consciousness due to head trauma hospitalized in ICU.Patients and Methods: This descriptive prospective study was performed in Yazd in 2013. In this study, fifty patients, including thirteen women and thirty seven men, were involved. To collect the data a questionnaire including demographic and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) information as well as a list of behavioral pain scale (BPS) were used. SPSS software (version 18) was used to analyze the data.Results: There was no significant difference in reliability proving of average score of BPS recorded by two day and night assessors (P>5). Cronbach's alpha was 85 for painful procedures and 76 for non-painful procedures. In addition, known groups’ technique (painful and non-painful procedures) was used to assess validity. The average scores were 7.75 during painful procedures and 3.28 during non-painful procedures (P=0.001). The Results stated that BPS scores during these two procedures were significantly different.Conclusions: BPS in patients with low level of consciousness due to head trauma has strong reliability and validity. Therefore, this scale can be used for patients hospitalized in ICU to assess the level of pain.

Introduction: Safety climate has shown its ability to predict important safety Results, such as perceived risk, accidentsand injuries. It is important to understand the psychometric properties of instruments used to measure safety climate before they are used in the setting of factories and workplaces.Objective: We explore the reliability and validity of safety climate questionnaire in Qazvin industries. Furthermore, correlations between accident rate and safety climate factors were explored.Materials and Methods: A study using a questionnaire was conducted on 380 employees in eight major companies in Qazvin, Iran. A 43-item safety climate questionnaire was developed after a scientific literature review and consultationwith safety experts. Seventy five percent of the data gathered were subjected to principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation, using SPSS software. The remaining data (25%) applied for running confirmatory factor analysis using the AMOS 16.0 structural equation modeling program.Results: Explanatory factor analysis displayed 8 factors which together explained 68.46% of the total variance. Cronbach Alpha (Internal consistency) across items in each of the 8 factors and that of the total scale were found acceptable. A 37- item questionnaire measuring safety climate was extracted from the original 43 items. Finding of confirmatory factor analysis was revealed to be a satisfactory fit index (CFI=0.91, TLI= 0.93, RMSEA= 0.044, x2/df=3.41). The safety climate scores calculated were found to have significant negative correlation with self-reported accident rates showing good predictive validity. One way ANOVA Results display that the companies’ mean safety climate scores vary significantly from each other indicating that companies have different safety climate levels.Conclusion: The Safety Climate Questionnaire demonstrated good psychometric properties. This study has recognized Management commitment for safety and safety priority in workplace, employees’ knowledge and compliance from safety rules, employees’ attitude toward safety, workers participation and commitment to safety, safeness of work environment, and emergency preparedness in the organization, priority for safety over production and risk justification as the 8 safety climate factors in the Qazvin industries. This study provides benchmark scores for each safety climate factor with which organizations or even individual departments can be compared based on factor scores.

Objective: Early maladaptive schemas are deep feelings or patterns that are formed in childhood and recur later in their lifetime. Young has classified these schemas. The purpose of the present study was to validate the Young Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YEMSQ) for early maladaptive schemas in a group of university students.Methods: Five hundred and seventy nine students were randomly selected from the freshman students of 2009 semesters. The participants completed the YEMSQ and Criterion questionnaires. Then data was analyzed by Factor analysis of Varimax Rotation sort. Factor analysis by principle components analysis (Varimax Rotation) revealed eighteen factors (that account for a high level of the variance).Results: Data were indicative of high level of Coranbach, Alpha and Split-half (86% and 91%) reliability coefficients of the YEMSQ and the extracted factors. The convergent and discriminate validity of the questionnaire was examined by some measurement tools for psychological distress, positive and negative affect, self- confidence, cognitive vulnerability for depression and personality disorder. The correlation Results for the six criteria are sequentially as follow: 37%, 34%, 40%, 39%, 35%, and 36% which were significant at p<0001. There were no significant differences between male and female (except for the factors 7, 12, and 14) and age groups with respect to early maladaptive schema degree.Conclusion: The Results of factor analysis are consistent with previous findings showing that YEMSQ can be used in research and clinical settings and in screening the normal among early maladaptive schema population in Iran.

Background: Biopharmaceutical products, characterized by strategic importance and substantial added value, have garnered significant attention from global governments and investors. In Iran's scientific roadmap, the ambitious goal of attaining a three percent share in the global market by the year 2025 has been established, necessitating the formulation and implementation of targeted strategies. Methods: This research employs a comprehensive mixed-methods approach, encompassing both quantitative and qualitative components. Quantitatively, official annual statistics from the Food and Drug Administration are analyzed to evaluate the growth trend of domestic biopharmaceutical production and imports. The qualitative phase involves in-depth semi-structured interviews with 25 industry experts. Results: Analysis reveals a gradual progression towards the targeted horizon, with a noteworthy 68.3% growth compared to the global market, representing 0.5% of the 3% target for the year 2025. Conclusion: Despite this, challenges persist, impeding the realization of the established objective. Overcoming these obstacles and implementing the proposed solutions are imperative for expediting progress. The study anticipates Iran surmounting these barriers and securing a 3% share in the global biopharmaceutical market in the foreseeable future.

Background and Objectives: Falling is one of the important concerns of older adults and is associated with a series of constraints, such as decline in social activities, general physical weakness, physical activities avoidance, and decrease in quality of life. Assessment of falling-related factors, such as gait efficacy, is important. In this research, validity and reliability of Persian translation of "Modified Gait Efficacy Scale", was investigated in older adults.Methods: This descriptive study was performed in older adults in Qom city. Data were collected using Modified Gait Efficacy Scale, Falls Efficacy Scale-International, and Activities-Specific Balance Confidence. Subjects were selected from urban areas of Qom city by available sampling. Data were analyzed using factor analysis with principal component and Varimax rotation, Pearson correlation coefficient, and independence student t-test.Results: In this study, the mean age of the subjects was 70.8 years. The Results of confirmatory factor analysis led to extraction of one factor with eigenvalue greater than 1, named "Gait Efficacy", which explained 85.52% of total variance. Excellent correlation between the mean score of this scale with Fall Efficacy Scale-International (-0.93), and Balance Confidence (0.95), was confirmed the convergent validity of the scale (p£0.001). Differential validity and the reliability, were confirmed by three methods, including test-retest (0.96), intraclass correlation (0.96), and internal consistency (0.97).Conclusion: Persian translation of "Modified Gait Efficacy Scale" is a valid and reliable measure and can be used for research and educational purposes. Therefore, assessment of some other psychometric properties of this scale, is suggested for next studies.

Background: Posturography is a method in which the postural stability of adults is evaluated by measuring the center of pressure sway. This study aims to evaluate the Reproducibility of measuring the center of pressure oscillation in standing position with internal perturbation in healthy young women with and without hyperkyphosis. Methods: Ten women with dorsal hyperkyphosis with the mean age of 23. 5± 2. 65 years and 10 healthy women with the mean age of 21. 9± 1. 3 years (October 2018 to February 2019) were recruited for the study. Subjects were asked to perform rapid bilateral arm elevation while standing on a force plate. Standard deviation of the amplitude and The standard deviation of the velocity of the center of pressure sway in anterior-posterior, Medio-lateral directions and the area of sway were used for statistical analysis. Measurements were carried out by one examiner with a 1-day interval in The Biomechanics laboratory of The School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The relative Reproducibility of the measurements was calculated by Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimal detectable changes (MDC). Results: The intra-rater reliability of standard deviation of the center of pressure sway velocity and amplitude of both directions in both groups were more than 0. 75. The intra-rater reliability of the area of the center of pressure sway in the healthy and hyperkyphosis group were 0. 42 and 0. 38 respectively. Conclusion: Standard deviation of the amplitude and standard deviation of the velocity of the center of pressure sway can be considered as reliable variables for assessing static balance in young women with and without dorsal hyperkyphosis in future studies. However, the inconsistency of sway area especially in women with hyperkyphosis suggests that the use of it for differentiation between subjects and the assessment of the outcome of any interventions on the postural stability should be considered with caution.

Background and Objective: Islamic life skills appear in all aspects of people's life. These skills lead to personal and spiritual transformation. According to the mentioned structure of Islamic life skills, it is essential to create a precise instrument to measure it. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the validity and reliability of the Islamic Life Skills Questionnaire. Methods: The present study is descriptive. The statistical population of the study was 150 students in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, who were selected based on their availability and answered Parsian and Donning's Spirituality Questionnaire, Zare's and Aminpour's Religious Beliefs Questionnaire, and Islamic Life Skills Questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the Islamic Life Skills Questionnaire were determined using Pearson’s correlation statistical analysis, Cronbach's alpha analysis and factor analysis. In this research, all ethical considerations were observed and the authors of the article did not report any conflict of interest. Results: Based on the Results obtained, a positive and significant relationship was found between the variables of spirituality, religious belief, and Islamic life skills. Cronbach's alpha for the Islamic Life Skills Questionnaire was 0.92. The four factors obtained from this questionnaire include: paying attention to God's commands in life, paying attention to the rights of others, paying attention to personal capabilities and paying attention to oneself. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Islamic Life Skills Questionnaire is valid and reliable; Future researchers can use this questionnaire to expand Islamic science.

Objectives: Cephalometric radiographs are widely used in diagnosis and treatment planning. In the past, these radiographs used to be analyzed manually, but nowadays due to the possibility of errors and time-consuming nature of manual tracing, digital methods are replacing the manual methods. The reliability of computer-assisted analysis is of great importance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter and intra-rater reliability of 2D Dolphin imaging software version 10. 0. 00. 53. Methods: To assess the intra-rater reliability of lateral cephalometric analysis, 25 lateral cephalograms traced by one operator using Dolphin imaging software were traced again by the same examiner 2 weeks later. To assess the inter-rater reliability, 25 lateral cephalograms were traced independently by two examiners. Overall, 80 measurements including 43 linear, 34 angular, and 3 ratio measurements were made. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. ICCs above 0. 75 were considered good. Results: The ICC for intra-rater reliability was above 0. 75 for all parameters except lower vertical height depth ratio (ICC=0. 51), inter-labial gap (ICC=0. 54), superior sulcus depth (ICC=0. 67), articular angle (ICC=0. 733), and ramus height (ICC=0. 728). The ICC for inter-rater reliability was above 0. 75 for all parameters except nose prominence (ICC=0. 73). Conclusion: Dolphin imaging software showed good intra-rater reliability for most parameters and good inter-rater reliability for almost all parameters.